What is an Artist Proof?
An artist proof traditionally refers to a print impression taken during the printing process to evaluate the current state of the artwork as the artist works on the plate. These proofs often show incomplete images and are sometimes called trial impressions or working proofs. However, in modern practice, an artist proof typically refers to an impression of the finished work that is identical to the numbered edition copies but is set aside for the artist's personal use. Artist proofs are usually marked A.P. and may be considered more valuable by collectors due to their limited availability.
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A body print is an art technique where the artist uses their body as a printing plate. This can be done by smearing grease, margarine, or oil on the skin, hair, and clothes, then pressing the body against a surface like paper. The oiled imprint is then dusted with pigment. Unlike a self-portrait, a body print explores two competing concepts of identity rather than capturing a likeness of the artist. The method emphasizes the physicality of the body while questioning the boundaries between self-representation and abstraction.
The Manifesto Invencionista was published in 1946, marking the beginning of the concrete art movement in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Written by artist Tomás Maldonado and published by the Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención, the manifesto announced the principles of Concrete Art. Concrete art is purely abstract, with no reference to visual reality, emphasizing geometric forms and the materiality of the artwork itself.
Nouveau Réalisme is an artistic movement founded in 1960 by art critic Pierre Restany and painter Yves Klein during a collective exhibition at a gallery in Milan. Restany wrote the original manifesto in April 1960, proclaiming the movement. In October of that year, nine artists, including Martial Raysse, Yves Klein, Daniel Spoerri, Jean Tinguely, Arman, Pierre Restany, and three Ultra-Lettrists—Jacques de la Villeglé, François Dufrêne, and Raymond Hains—signed the declaration. In 1961, the movement expanded to include Mimmo Rotella, Niki de Saint Phalle, Gérard Deschamps, and César. The movement emphasized a return to reality in art, often incorporating everyday objects and exploring the boundaries between art and life.
